漫谈秘书写作的逻辑结构

5 u# s5 G$ w( }mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, ( |3 ?+ b& ]7 H+ @ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, & P, H O t; S# [% G font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, 0 Y& S- ?1 P9 t/ Q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,* h c7 {3 U" o$ y' @3 ]0 ]font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) C% w/ d# d' B( a; x9 K' j"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。

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. d% {4 E; Z& d' J. X1 x! g' f, vmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, ' v) |- j$ L' v宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, . c# A: P8 e0 q; R9 ~font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * a$ l6 U$ _; X* V$ Y8 T& C y, K"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题, 6 W9 C! M+ L: d6 b2 }5 j) _; ?* @: @: y$ M, K& I mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, - a6 S" P6 ^ f: R7 S% G宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, 2 |. m r5 L* O1 Q* T- B E* X1 [ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, 6 o. `: [8 u1 Y) ^ mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, ' B" D5 f j4 k, _ 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。

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8 ?/ p% ?: N- O5 [6 ~宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因, 7 n' a' f6 q3 E2 {5 h% d5 A0 s/ @4 J3 d: ]4 N! j3 F5 n% y2 w2 l# U font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构

 

* G5 p. N) ~& V' Z( L! o9 Jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, # {2 B$ o h) O) y4 f* J宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ ( A4 L2 p7 t& H/ B3 q0 M: D' U宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” ; g/ P2 d+ u" f% V& q0 Y" Q% N 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ 5 w" G. ?- s7 h9 \/ x, Y! H% r* A 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” $ T& J& w6 \' d( X0 ^( A 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, " A ?& |. X5 g" R( w, X font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">前者为因, 6 Y; k- W# D: Y0 Y! J. umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, & N7 B: j' Z+ ?' I& h3 T, x( g# ]2 Mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) X6 X, N% S u# P"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联, 1 h# X& M2 G- cmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, ! u' d$ X; b+ V @, E2 _; e 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, 6 i2 d6 [: }; C9 r3 i6 ?font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, . i' _$ v D( E! ^/ t7 v 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: ) H5 R) Z8 \( P8 p; @font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! n/ |/ Z9 u0 r* l) {- _"Times New Roman"">“ 5 H F( c5 X! h c8 K$ Q mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? " n5 I' u$ Q4 e 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” + T4 ?! o" {. N! u 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, # w: {7 r4 r2 _2 \ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪: ; m2 T3 i0 O" i5 l/ n6 |" u4 y9 I6 S! F; fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。

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& C3 n; x+ r& c9 gmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 ; E1 ]: d* r1 C! e7 _. z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, - f! c( f, Z1 U( x5 F0 }/ p$ o font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 3 Z0 N: y4 H9 C8 H; Z0 a"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚, # t" N% t; O3 r. b6 F1 R mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, ( Y+ |, a3 W" {/ K. ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ( B% A x, O; N7 L0 K! b) H# q1 k"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, 7 @/ Y% I6 e! ^; R2 ~mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 5 s- ~# f3 G' v1 O) p% } mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里5 Y9 Q: {1 m# c4 J; N- U2 I mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 : M( }' w- D4 R }* _% u mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(. H6 a! g8 U- h0 Y; r1 G; Z 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), 7 O- ]( l# d5 E' Gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: D2 I" Y4 _/ L& l! c/ E6 f5 c+ \1 y* a) T"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用( h0 ?& t) u% w& P+ P& H, v7 Z12.0pt">, $ C* ]/ s0 r" G "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, ' o; Z& V k5 k. ] font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, 1 u `* B( D$ b. u, } mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!4 z8 C2 C: S" s6 @5 i1 } 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, 0 a6 V. {& _+ K& Q! a N font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: * \$ K. A& \1 }; c0 b3 S# }& L"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: / f7 E! e0 ]6 d. x4 s! |+ b" k mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, 3 W0 ^( q) o! g' b: K8 u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, ) C% Z' G8 `1 E- I3 }1 V- X font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">“ ( Z/ u/ v+ W$ A% [" imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”7 K; G. u( H3 |12.0pt"> : C3 C6 a0 j9 j( c"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。

 

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5 ]' D0 @7 K. x) B+ z/ }& nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, 2 p2 _* M4 m% u5 O9 o* w3 K; P宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, / L* E+ @/ b( S: Wfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: P) }' k0 {+ h* @, j3 _"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 3 T, [, `2 y( H* @% F5 u3 s# T7 Imso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 3 D& o3 y1 C5 Q( y! p宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, $ g4 {1 \1 C" M& lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ 0 d( N1 k D' u# T3 k I" A8 kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 0 i. P" ~1 n" F* m* I" I宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。

 

& {% b: k9 k9 _' h; P0 `; Z4 x 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣, . c! U+ G4 ^! e0 |( g. i- r: [' [' _& z& N% d font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构

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$ X- i* T7 s6 A" e. E" ]9 dmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, # v% r6 @+ N& G* c8 B* u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, h! x/ m) y: k4 w. s, V" K, j& e; {font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # g( p" x+ _" W( o"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素, 1 p$ D+ B2 H5 o8 c mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, 3 t4 E4 }3 I: L' Kfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: # g% `, g+ A" N+ A6 Z# V9 i"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,- @. e) M3 T$ M, T$ v: K" O1 g& m宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, ! B1 J7 p) k6 B7 m, m font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题$ X5 [0 c* K% U- ~) V5 A0 T$ g( z 12.0pt">: ' o4 T. W, F3 i% t4 n7 N7 Z3 E"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: 3 r: l& g G) f1 Cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + P$ `1 `1 Z- _+ C; Q"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才 Q- A# Y/ E0 j8 x% L 12.0pt">, 0 M6 `2 W3 s: q& i9 s; W6 e "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, - k0 ~4 d3 Z sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; ) @, {0 C+ N( }" z1 J1 M) Kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, ( G8 E: {/ l, t$ c; o 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 9 J' f" ? ^/ gfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题( k6 u0 h4 C3 \# {9 }" c12.0pt">; 7 }$ _0 g x& a0 U) n ]6 W"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 0 H2 D" H& P# J; w0 sfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 9 I- ~! @" ]6 e7 [3 M# { [$ G"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求9 C7 q4 {0 Q) \- F12.0pt">: ) ?/ G, T9 P8 O8 D! E- M "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; * ]& f0 Q6 e% L! Ffont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, , W9 f, V' @( [; v5 w mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, ! B& v2 \' q- h& @ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统- {2 S" B- T0 R2 C 12.0pt">:

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3 f7 }# @2 s ^- zmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ 6 W N4 o! k" ~' E& @# H 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” ; D( Y# J# ^( P6 ^3 G* Q 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕

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0 K' m0 z) m% D 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总, ) g; l. x9 H$ P: X- {8 e' o/ u4 P1 g4 _ font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构

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8 a/ [7 t' q6 ~: H# \mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, 5 r, h" d0 C/ N3 w, D- Bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: - U% k5 i+ w+ L"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, X3 {9 U3 }6 O" }* ]8 C 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, $ s; _1 h! w; e# A Q3 Nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 L r. l7 F& f$ ]"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思, 9 s& ]" Z6 s8 o/ O2 @+ e8 S: J' E! X* ?, f" m: {mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, # z. I8 v3 L( W0 rfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 4 I5 M8 l! l4 v% k1 i"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, ' g3 f( A' K) D* K7 jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, 8 [+ y" U$ X+ M* \' {6 k" S8 u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: 2 |+ e9 t! H3 c font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, ; z& @* K$ u1 V/ N' A/ E* P) ]mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, $ `& {5 j+ `' T6 Q, E* ?. afont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: 6 {* A) V, z# g7 \"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, 5 j' L6 @ b% `* X" N8 U; f# |, E 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。

 

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3 a! W/ t8 ^/ e/ nmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,4 n' t2 _$ x; G+ ~. [1 xfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ! r+ C8 `9 }. H! m2 a: f$ v8 ^"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定3 C( }" V9 E) M6 s, F* i; _ 12.0pt">, 4 j6 ~, \8 x; F/ ~% @ "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, 2 T5 `" z( R6 t) d7 V q; | font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:% {5 P! v0 P4 d _. K mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, / K9 v5 t& f, _2 z宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, ?: ?2 E9 ~6 p5 Z0 Y, T font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: ) X$ I7 k, [1 e" ^( {, I: k1 p"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, " h3 K8 j- o) Q# u7 Rmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, u E5 {+ d, J/ z font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: / {$ X: P- h# ?3 I+ Y, x 宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ d" E2 ]+ z: c0 l1 h宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, % p% c) P: y" d5 pfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family: + w6 z" R1 |; `- t( S# u"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者：王华俊